Tolstoj del 6, delar av hans sista ord till läsaren

No matter by what names we may be called, nor what garments we may wear, nor in the presence of what priest we may be anointed, nor how many millions our subjects may number, nor how many guards may be posted on our journey, nor how many policemen may protect our property, nor how many so-called criminals, revolutionists, or anarchists we may execute - no matter what exploits we may perform, nor what states we may establish, nor what fortresses and towers we may erect - from the Tower of Babel to the Eiffel Tower - we have before us two ever present and unavoidable conditions, that deprive our mode of life of all significance: (1) death, that may overtake each of us at any moment, and (2) the transitory nature of all our undertakings, that disappear, leaving no trace behind them. No matter what we may do, found kingdoms, build palaces and monuments, write poems and songs - all is but fleeting and leaves no trace behind. Therefore no matter how much we may attempt to conceal this from ourselves, we cannot fail to perceive that the true significance of our life lies neither in our individual, physical existence, subjected to unavoidable suffering and death, nor in any institution or social organization.

Whoever you are, you who read these lines, reflect upon your position and your duties, not upon the position of landowner, merchant, judge, emperor, president, minister, priest or soldier, which you may assume but for a time, not upon the imaginary duties which these positions impose upon you, but upon your actual and eternal position as a being, who, after a whole eternity of non-existence, is called by the will of Some One from unconsciousness into life, and who may at any moment return whence he came by the same will. Consider your duties! Not your imaginary duties of landowner in regard to your estate, nor of merchant to your capital, nor of emperor, minister, or governor to the State, but of your real duties, of a being called forth into life and endowed with love and reason. Do that which He who has sent you into this world, and to whom you will shortly returns, demands of you. Are you doing what He requires? Are you doing right when, as landowner or manufacturer, you take the products of the labour of the poor, and establish your life on this spoliation, or when, as governor or judge, you do violence in condemning men to death; or when, as soldier, you prepare for war, for fighting, robbery, and murder - are you doing right?

[...]

If you are told that all this is essential for the support of the existing system of life; that this system, with its pauperism, famine, prisons, executions, armies, wards, is necessary for society, and that if it were to be abolished worse evils would follow, you are told so only by those who benefit by this system; while those who suffer from it - and their numbers are ten times greater - all think and say the opposite. And at the bottom of your heart you know that this is false - that the existing system has had its day, and must inevitably be remodelled on new foundations; and that there is no need whatsoever to support it by the sacrifice of human life. 

 Tolstoj, The kingdom of God is within you

Tolstoj del 5, om Gandhi och icke-våld

Från wikipedia kan man läsa följande om boken "The Kingdom of God is Withing You":

Mohandas Gandhi wrote in his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth (Part II, Chapter 15) that this book "overwhelmed" him and "left an abiding impression." Gandhi listed Tolstoy's book, as well as John Ruskin's Unto This Last and the poet Shrimad Rajchandra (Raychandbhai), as the three most important modern influences in his life.^[2] Reading this book opened up the mind of the world-famous Tolstoy to Gandhi, who was still a young protester living in South Africa at the time.

In 1908 Tolstoy wrote, and Gandhi read, A Letter to a Hindu,^[3] which outlines the notion that only by using love as a weapon through passive resistance could the native Indian people overthrow the colonial British Empire. This idea ultimately came to fruition through Gandhi's organization of nationwide non-violent strikes and protests during the years circa 1918-1947. In 1909, Gandhi wrote to Tolstoy seeking advice and permission to republish A Letter to a Hindu in his native language, Gujarati. Tolstoy responded and the two continued a correspondence until Tolstoy's death in 1910. The letters concern practical and theological applications of non-violence, as well as Gandhi's wishes for Tolstoy's health. Tolstoy's last letter was to Mohandas Gandhi.^[4]

Many consider The Kingdom of God is Within You to be a key text for Tolstoyan, Christian anarchist, and nonviolent resistance movements worldwide.^[5]

Således så hade Tolstojs verk trots allt en reell verkan i världen, även om det till synes inte fullt lyckades slå rot i det Ryssland eller Europa som texten först riktades mot.

Tolstoj del 4, om ondska och våld

Thus matters went on for eighteen centuries, and at last arrived at their present condition, which is, that no man can dispute the fact that an infallible definition of evil will never be made. We have reached the point when men have ceased not only to believe in the possibility of finding a universal definition which all men will admit, but they have even ceased to believe in the necessity of such a definition. We have reached the point when men in authority no longer seek to prove that that which they consider evil is evil, but candidly acknowledge that they consider that to be evil which does not please them, and those who are subject to authority obey, not because they believe that the definitions of evil made by authority are just, but only because they have no power to resist. The annexation of Nice to France, Lorraine to Germany, the Czechs to Austria, the partition of Poland, the subjection of Ireland and India to the English rule, the waging of war against China, the slaughter of Africans, the expulsion of the Chinese, the persecution of the jews in Russia, or the derivation of profits by landowners from land which they do not cultivate, and by capitalists from the results of labour performed by others - none of all this is done because it is virtuous or because it will benefit mankind and is essentially opposed to evil, but because those who hold authority will have it so. The result at the present time is this: certain men use violence, no longer in the name of resistance to evil, but from caprice or because it is for their advantage, while certain other men submit to violence, not because they believe, like those of former ages, that violence is used to defend them from evil, but simply because they cannot escape it.

- Tolstoj, The Kingdom of God is Within You

Tolstoj och kristendomen, del 3

I fjärde kapitlet går Tolstoj in på varför han menar att de vetenskapsbundna har missförstått den kristna doktrinen. Han skapar termerna "social life-conception" och "divine life-conception". Han menar att man när man analyserar kristendomen analytiskt använder sig av "social life-conception" för att analysera resultatet av doktrinen i sig. Han menar också att man ser det Jesus förespråkade som kompromissbara storheter eftersom de i många fall är omöjliga att leva upp till. Detta menar han dock är ett liknande missförstånd som att tänka att definitionen att varje punkt är lika långt från en cirkels mitt är en kompromissbar  del av definitionen av en cirkel. Han menar att det Jesus predikade är centralt i kristendomen. Hela doktrinens kärna och essens. Han menar dock att det inte kan förstås som regler, något man även idag gör där man ofta tolkar kristendomen som en form av morallära. Han menar istället att Jesus predikade ideal mot vilka var man ska ständigt sträva i sitt liv. Idealen kan inte mätas utifrån utan endast inifrån utifrån varje persons egna samvete och utgångspunkt. Han menar att det inte ger någon mening att försöka förstå kristendom som en rad dogmer och utvecklar i följande stycken varför:

According to the Christian doctrine, life is a condition of progress towards the perfection of God; hence no one condition can be either higher or lower than another, because each is in itself a certain stage in human progress towards the unattainable perfection, and therefore of equal importance with all the others. Any spiritual quickening, according to this doctrine, is simply an accelerated movement towards perfection. Therefore the impulse of Zacchaeus the publican, of the adulteress and the thief on the cross, show forth a higher order of life than does the passive righteousness of the Pharisee. This doctrine therefore can never been forced by obligatory laws. The man who, from a lower plane, lives up to the doctrine he professes, ever advancing towards perfection, leads a higher life than one who may perhaps stand on a superior plan of morality, but who is making no progress towards perfection.
  Thus the stray lamb is dearer to the Father than those which are in the fold; the prodigal returned, the coin that was lost and is found again, more highly prized than those that never were lost.
  Since the fulfilment of this doctrine is an impulse from self towards God, it is evident that there can be no fixed laws for its movement. It may spring from any degree of perfection or of imperfection; the fulfilment of rules and fulfilment of the doctrine are by no means synonymous; there could be no rules or obligatory laws for its fulfliment.
  The difference between social laws and the doctrine of Christ is the natural result of the radical dissimilarity between the doctrine of Christ and those earlier doctrines which had their source in a social life-conception. The latter are for the most part positive, enjoining certain acts, by the performance of the which men are to be justified and made righteous, whereas the Christian precepts (the precept of love is not a commandment in the strict sense of the word, but the expression of the very essence of the doctrine), the five commandments of the Sermon on the Mount, are all negative, only meant to show men who have reached a certain degree of development what they must avoid. These commandments are, so to speak, mile stones on the infinite road to perfection, towards which humanity is struggling, they mark the degrees of perfection which it is possible for it to attain at a certain period of its development.
  In the Sermon of the Mount Christ expressed the eternal ideal to which mankind instinctively aspires, showing at the same time the point of perfection to which human nature in its present stage may attain.
  The ideal is to bear no malice, excite no ill will, and to love all men. The commandment which forbids us to offend our neighbour is one which a man who is striving to attain this ideal must not do less than obey. And this is the first commandment.

Lördagsord (igen) av Tolstoj

One of the reasons is, that believers as well as unbelievers are perfectly sure that they long ago understood the doctrine of Christ so completely, unquestionably and finally, that it can have no other meaning but the one which they attribute to it. That is because the tradition of this false conception has been handed down for ages - and therefore its misconception.

The most powerful stream of water cannot add one single drop to a vessel that is already full. 

 [...]

At the present time Christianity is conceived by those who profess the doctrines of the Church as a supernatural, miraculous revelation of all that is expressed in the Credo; while unbelievers look upon it as an affair of the past, a manifestation of the demand of humanity for a belief in the supernatural, as an historical fact, which has found its fullest expression in Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Protestantism, and which has for us no vital meaning. For the believers the real significance of the doctrine is concealed by the Church; for the unbelievers it is hidden by science.

Måndagsord av Tolstoj

Jag har nu läst klart boken jag tidigare påbörjade som skrevs av Gandhi. Det var en fascinerande läsning, inte bara för att Gandhi ibland kunde göra lite småmärkliga avstickare ibland utan även för att det ger en bild av en annorlunda tid. Man förstår när man läser boken att Gandhi var långt från ensam i sin kamp. Varken vad gäller de åsikter han hade och vad gäller hur stor del av sitt egna liv han la ner i kampen.

Efter att ha läst Gandhi så har jag blivit inspirerad att läsa en annan tänkare som propagerade icke-vålds teknik redan innan Gandhi. Liksom Gandhi i sitt liv vid ett tillfälle ville skapa en egen "sekt" som var självförsörjande nere i Syd Afrika så valde Tolstoj att säga upp rättigheterna till de populära verk han skrivit. Han var i sitt levnadssätt en dedicerad kristen samtidigt som han var kritisk till kyrkan. I sin bok "The Kingdom of God is Withing You" så ger han sin åsikt om varför han menar att den dåtida kyrkan var en förvanskad version av kristendomen. Han menade att icke-våld var en förutsättning för sann kristendom. Han slår tidigt fast detta i sitt verk:

A Christian, according to the teaching of the Lord, should be guided in his relation towards men only by the love of peace, and therefore there should be no authority having power to compel a Christian to act in a manner contrary to God's law and contrary to his chief duty towards his fellowmen

The requirement of civil law, they say, may oblige men, who, to win some worldly advantages, seek to conciliate that which is irreconcilable, to violate the law of God; but for a Christian, who firmly believes that his salvation depends upon following the teaching of Christ, this law can have no meaning. 

Man kan således konstatera att efter Tolstojs mening så skulle varken Obama, Mitt Romney, Alf Svensson, C.S. Lewis eller den amerikanska kristna högern kunna klassas som kristna. Tolstoj i sin tur kunde utveckla sina tankar genom brevväxling med bland annat amerikanska kväkare.